The highlight of this issue, dated Jan-March 2025, and released on 14 February 2025, is the article on the need for genuine friendships.
My dear friends,
Here is a new issue of INI, dated January – March 2025. We are happy to release it today – 14 February, a day the world observes as Valentine’s Day that celebrates love and friendship.
Can we survive without love and friendship? Are there still people who would think that as priests and religious all we need is God’s love and that we don’t really need loving friendships? I don’t think you can find today many who hold this view. If you know someone who does, you should ask them to read Fr Jose Parappully’s article in this issue of INI. A well-known Salesian psychologist and writer, Parappully quotes Francis J. Moloney, a fellow Salesian priest from Australia, and author, who says, “We must allow ourselves the exhilaration, genuinely felt and shown, and not just spoken about, which comes from loving and being loved. Only in this way, and through this experience can we come closer to an understanding of a God who is defined as love.”
Parappully says, “A long time ago, the philosopher Epicurus had presented friendship as one of the crucial contributors to health and happiness. Today, psychological research and theory not only support Epicurus’ observation, but go beyond to attest that healthy relationships are the greatest contributors to health and happiness.”
This issue carries also an article written by a prophet of our times, who keeps reminding us of things we would rather not hear. The veteran activist and writer, Cedric Prakash, SJ, reminds us of something that God keeps hearing but we don’t – the cry of the poor.
Ever since I read a newspaper clipping about an innovative apostolate initiated by a young Kerala Jesuit I have wanted to publicize it, so that all Jesuits of South Asia may be inspired. This has become possible in this issue. Read about TOAST that Sheise Thomas, SJ (KER) has come up with, in order to address some acute challenges that our youth face.
Victor Edwin and Midhun J. Francis are Jesuits “sent among” Muslims. While Edwin talks of the enlightening conversations he had with three other professors in Rome, Midhun affirms that Islam accepts religious pluralism and advocates interreligious dialogue. “Islamic principles support inter-religious dialogue and efforts to transcend hatred and division and call on people to work together to build societies that uphold justice, compassion, and a common pursuit of truth. This shared vision reinforces the idea that diversity, far from being a barrier, is a divine call. It is a call to recognize our interconnectedness and to strive toward universal fraternity.” So go ahead. There is so much here to inform, educate and enlighten you.
Describing what is revealed by a book on what happens inside the Tihar Jail, Stan Alla, SJ, talks of the sufferings endured by prisoners of all ages and reminds us of our duty to proclaim liberty to captives.
By Stanislaus Alla, SJ
Black Warrant: Confessions of a Tihar Jailor. By Sunil Gupta and Sunethra Choudhury. Delhi: Roli books, 2019. Pp.178, Rs 395.
Prisons or jails are plain words for most of us. Neither we nor our loved ones look forward to going there, although we would like to send some there. Most of us were sad and angry when we heard that Fr Stan Swamy was arrested on false charges. He died eventually as an undertrial in a hospital in Mumbai. We may know of the other accounts of arrests or imprisonments but many of us live in places, in India or in other parts of the world, where the threat of being arrested is remote. We are able to go about in life as usual. That we can live without such fears or threats is an incredible privilege.
But what about Jesus and his cousin, John the Baptist and the other young men of first century Palestine? Did they not live under a constant fear that they may be detained? Or, that their relatives or neighbours or those across the road may be arrested anytime? It is not difficult to imagine answers to these questions. Obviously, those who indulged in wrongful activities would expect to be imprisoned. At the same time, the prophets and the revolutionaries who questioned or confronted the ‘powers and principalities’ of the times would be surprised if they were not arrested! The fear that ‘I may be arrested’ must have loomed large for many young men at the time of Jesus.
Through this book we will get to know more about how prisoners on the death row, the murderers and rapists and others, are treated, prepared for, and hanged.
If John the Baptist was imprisoned and beheaded, Jesus himself was arrested, hurriedly brought to trial and was later executed. On that very first ‘Good’ Friday, two more were crucified along with Jesus. Peter and Paul, several of the Apostles and disciples lived in jails and were executed. Even prior to Jesus, the Jews knew of the many stories of trials and executions. If Prophet Daniel did not intervene to expose the heinous crime of the two lecherous old men, imagine what would have happened to the innocent Susanna! Before, during, and after Jesus, and down the centuries, it was not uncommon to see people get arrested, imprisoned and killed.
Now, recall one of the first verses that Jesus read, for the first time, when the Holy Scroll was handed over to him: ‘He has sent me to proclaim liberty to captives.’ Living in captivity was very common then. As slaves, many were serving their terms and were waiting to be freed. There must have been real captives/slaves whom Jesus knew, as well as the others, who looked forward to being liberated. Did the people expect Messiah to free the captives, at least those who were unjustly and unfairly kept behind the bars?
From the Nazareth Manifesto we realize that prisoners were very close to Jesus, close to his heart. Among those in prisons, then and now, are those who live unrepentantly, those who realize their faults and are willing to mend their ways, and the many who are falsely implicated -for socio-political reasons. The notion of the Jubilee year echoes Jesus’ call not to forget the prisoners but to seek ways to help them secure dignity and rights and freedoms, so that they too blossom as God’s sons and daughters.
At any time, life in prison is hard and brutal. There are many accounts that describe ‘prison-life’ but one that caught my attention recently is a book titled, Black Warrant: Confessions of a Tihar Jailer. Sunil Gupta and Sunetra Choudhury are the authors. Starting in May 1981, Sunil Gupta worked for nearly 35 years at Delhi’s well-known Tihar Jail. Choudhury is a journalist who published Behind Bars: Prison Tales of India’s Most Famous. As a Jailer, Gupta saw what was going on inside the Tihar’s walls and had access to some of the stunning accounts and revelations of raw power and vulnerability, of cunningness and manipulation, of helplessness and resilience. While Gupta is the prime narrator in the book, in her own way Choudhury brings dynamism to the stories.
Besides the Prologue and the Epilogue, the book has ten chapters. As the stories of Charles Sobhraj, Billa & Ranga, the killers of Indira Gandhi, Ram Singh, Afzal guru and others are described in detail, the readers will get a glimpse of what goes on inside the Tihar Jail. Through this book we will get to know more about how prisoners on the death row, the murderers and rapists and others, are treated, prepared for, and hanged.
Some poor women deliberately get into fights, just to stay in prison during pregnancy and childbirth. They not only plead guilty but request that they be quickly sent to jail.
Gupta writes that corruption and extortion, vengeance and violence are as common in jail as they are outside. Routinely, the older inmates attack others as they fight for space or facilities or to prove that they are the bosses. In spite of the rules, reforms and strict supervision, several younger ones complain of being sexually abused. Those who are wealthy and influential have access to satellite and mobile phones and they get delicious food supplied from outside. Within the walls, there are occasional protests for prison reforms, for fairer treatment, and to press for investigations into custodial deaths.
The book does not lack the dramatic elements. Love blossoms even in the prisons: there have been some instances where inmates and jail officials ended up marrying. The most unbelievable is this: by all means Ms Surinder Kaur wanted to marry the twenty-five-year-old Satwant Singh, who sprayed bullets on Indira Gandhi and who was in jail, waiting to be hanged. Finally, and with great excitement, she married Satwant’s photo in the presence of her parents and those of Satwant’s.
Can you guess that some poor women, in order to stay in prison during pregnancy and childbirth, get into fights? They not only plead guilty but request that they be quickly sent to jail. Ironically, this is what happens when Tihar Jail provides better medical facilities than some remote villages and slums!
Another moving account is that of Afzal Guru, and of his final moments. For being involved in the attack on Parliament, he was sentenced to death. Sipping his last cup of tea, Afzal Guru confesses to Sunil Gupta that he was not a terrorist, not even the wanted one. Saying that he wanted to fight corruption, and as he prepares himself to be hanged, Guru sings a song from the film Badal. Translated, the song means, ‘What’s the point of a life lived for ourselves, my heart lives for others.’ We may never know if Afzal Guru was a terrorist or was falsely implicated, but this account enables us to know the state of his heart at the last hour, and of the song that echoed in it.
Reporting on the brighter side, Gupta shares the good behaviour of several inmates and how they are rewarded for it. Fascinatingly, some learn new languages, others acquire skills, some study and get degrees and certificates, and a few even crack competitive exams. When opportunities are provided, some work and earn and help their families or others.
What goes on in Tihar as narrated by Gupta (or in any jail for that matter), can be disturbing. At the same time, accounts of those who oppose dark forces are comforting. In this book we can get a glimpse of the imprisoned life of those convicted or those falsely accused.
We need to follow Jesus who felt close to the prisoners and deeply longed to free them.
Fr. Stanislaus Alla, SJ(AND) hailing from Warangal, Telangana, teaches at Vidyajyoti College of Theology, Delhi. He has a Licentiate in Moral Theology from Alfonsiana, Rome, and a doctorate from Boston College, USA.
S.M. John Kennedy, SJ, reminds us of the dangers that await us and our world if we do not act urgently to find solutions to the climate crisis.
By S.M. John Kennedy, SJ
Time to wake up:
“Our planet’s alarm is going off, and it is time to wake up and take action,” said the famous Hollywood actor Leonardo DiCaprio. The month of February, 2024 was globally the warmest ever recorded, according to data from the EU’s Copernicus Programme, registering an average temperature of 1.8oC higher than the pre-industrial average.
Life-supporting systems heavily damaged
Both the environment and our earth are precious, since our life depends on them. The earth gives us pure air, clean water, food, shelter, medicines and various other products.
Mother Earth is the only planet that accommodates life because it has the necessary heat, components of air in proper proportion and the life-sustaining water. Human interference has caused heavy damages to all these life supporting and sustaining systems. Air has been polluted, water contaminated and land degraded. All these have resulted in global warming and climate change.
Earth is getting hotter and hotter
Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that trap heat from the sun, causing the Earth’s surface to warm, a process known as the green house effect. The main green house gases are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), released through natural processes like volcanic eruption, plant respiration, and human and animal breathing, methane (CH4), produced naturally through decomposition, nitrous oxide (N2O), produced through the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, ozone (O3) from air pollution. They are naturally present in the atmosphere, trapping sun’s heat to keep the earth warm. They keep the earth’s atmosphere warmer than it would otherwise be, supporting life on earth. But when they increase in proportion, it causes the green house effect and climate change.
The world is currently warming faster than at any other time in recorded history, causing changes in weather patterns and disrupting the balance of nature.
The world is currently warming faster than at any other time in recorded history, causing changes in weather patterns and disrupting the balance of nature. Natural greenhouse effect allows more heat to escape into the space. In human enhanced greenhouse effect, less heat escapes into space. Global temperature has been steadily rising since 1900 with a mean temperature increase of about 1oC. In India, the temperature has increased between 0.2 and 1oC in the last 100 years. Temperature has increased twice as fast during the last 50 years as it did in the last 100 years.
IPCC (Inter Governmental Panel of Climate Change) stated that almost 95% of human activities had warmed the planet during the past 50 years. These activities are mainly associated with burning fossil fuels, deforestation and tree clearing, agriculture and farming activities. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, gas, etc for generating electricity is the leading cause of green house effect.
According to 2021 estimate, USA, European Union, China, Russia, Japan and India are the cause of 70% of such emissions. Richest 10% people are responsible for almost half of total lifestyle consumption emission. The poorest 50% people are responsible for only around 10% of total lifestyle consumption emissions.
Consequences
The consequences of climate change are the rising temperature, rising sea levels because of glaciers melting, unpredictable weather patterns, increase in extreme weather events, land degradation and loss of wildlife and biodiversity. Global sea level rose at an average of 1.8 mm per year over 1961 to 2003. The social impacts of climate change are displacement of people, poverty, hunger, malnutrition, increase risk of diseases, floods, water shortages, and loss of biodiversity.
Widespread increases in extreme temperature have been observed over the last 50 years. Cold days, cold nights, and frost have become less frequent, while hot days, hot nights and heat waves have become more frequent. The extent of Arctic Sea ice has declined by almost 8.5% per decade from 1979.
Pope Francis rightly pointed out that climate change raises vital moral and ethical issues. It is time that we heed his call to become ambassadors of environmental protection.
Disasters that await us:
Going by the present trends, global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4oC from 2020 to 2100. Sea levels are likely to rise in the range of 22 to 34 cm between 2020 and 2100. Tropical cyclones, typhoons, and hurricanes are likely to become more extreme, with larger peak wind speeds and more heavy precipitation.
Biodiversity underlies all ecological goods and services. It is estimated that 10 – 15% of the world’s species could become extinct over the next 30 years. People living in developing countries and underdeveloped countries are the most vulnerable.
Towards solutions
IPCC said, “Any further delay in concerted global action will mean that we will fail to shut the rapidly closing windows to secure a livable future.” Solutions to climate change start from our personal conversion towards eco friendly living. We need to adopt the principle of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle.’ We need to become conscious of the enormity and urgency of the problem and be the harbingers of energy efficient living, cutting our carbon footprint to zero.
By networking with civil society groups, we need to urge our policy makers to come up with policies and actions towards reduction of fossil fuels and ultimately their complete elimination. We should turn to natural sources of energy. The possible and less dangerous energy sources are nuclear, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and fusion. Waste management, promoting organic farming, practicing sustainable agriculture, using bio-pesticides and promotion of organic products, and reducing consumerism will go a long way in safeguarding our Mother Earth. Pope Francis has repeatedly called the people of the world to take ‘swift and unified global action.’ Laudato Si,’ Pope’s much-praised encyclical gave a boost to fossil fuel disinvestment movement. It called for reducing consumerist tendencies that lead to climate change. Pope Francis rightly pointed out that climate change raises vital moral and ethical issues. It is time that we heed his call to become ambassadors of environmental protection.
Fr. S.M. John Kennedy, SJ (MDU) is the Conference Coordinator of EcoJesuit Network and the Province Coordinator of School Education. He resides at St. Mary’s H.S. School, Madurai. He can be contacted at jkkenny@gmail.com
Joseph Lobo, SJ, reminds us of the intention of St. Ignatius in launching the educational apostolate and asks a crucial question: Do our educational institutions today fulfill that intention?
By Joseph Lobo, SJ
When St Ignatius of Loyola ventured into the apostolate of Education, his original intention was to form persons of moral character, who would influence society and culture with the spirit of the Gospel as “fires that kindle other fires”. In other words, Ignatius was aiming at transforming human society by transforming the human individual by the power of the Spirit of Jesus Christ. By this, he was intending to respond to the situation of moral degradation and related evils of his times. The other benefits of education were perhaps only of a secondary importance in his thinking, if at all they existed.
Therefore, presupposing that this original intention of St Ignatius continues to exist in varying degrees even in today’s Jesuit Education of all types and at all levels, the question we have to ask is: how would it shape the concrete structures, processes, dynamics, content, outcome and goals of our education today?
For this, we need to become aware of a basic and most fundamental schema of a constructive learning process. It can be expressed as follows: ignorance – information – knowledge – wisdom – virtue.
Since these are simultaneous processes with successive starting points, and continue to exist despite the progress, they can be more meaningfully represented as follows:
Ignorance|—————————————————————-
Information|———————————————————-
Knowledge|——————————————————-
Wisdom|——————————————————
Virtue|—————————————————-
Let me explain the schema and the terms: We begin with ignorance at our conception and begin to gather data through sense perception, intellectual processes and affective experiences. The data so gathered is recorded in various degrees as discrete pieces of information. We become informed persons.
How would the original intention of St Ignatius shape the concrete structures, processes, dynamics, content, outcome and goals of our educational apostolate today?
When these discrete pieces begin to be put together into certain patterns in a systematic and meaningful way, knowledge emerges. One can get stuck at the level of information, being very informative but least knowledgeable; not knowing how the discrete pieces of information are related. The reason may have been that the process of interiorization and integration did not take place. In fact many an ‘educated’ person are well-formed, but hardly knowledgeable. Rote learning and the blind use of internet search engines produce such persons en masse.
Knowledge gives rise to wisdom, when the acquired knowledge is used for the ‘promotion of life’ – to use a collective phrase that represents an ethical or moral way of using the knowledge. This transition from knowledge to wisdom necessarily consists of the crucial aspects of inspiration, interiorization and integration. A great scientist can have a lot of knowledge but can use it unwisely, if s/he were to invent or construct only lethal weapons. A very knowledgeable intellectual can hardly be called wise, if s/he were to use her/ his acumen to devise notoriously deceptive political and business strategies, exploitative economic and trade policies, disruptive public debates, and even dangerous religious and ‘spiritual’ discourses, because of ill-formed conscience. It could be alarming to note how many of such ‘knowledgeable’ persons sans compassion and conscience were educated in our institutions!
The Ignatian vision of education needs to be brought to the center of our educational apostolate, as it is the very rationale of all our apostolates.
When one behaves ‘wisely’ in a habitual manner – not merely occasionally – s/he can be said to be a ‘virtuous person’. If one acts ‘wisely’ only occasionally or selectively, s/he has not yet achieved the true virtue, because s/he lacks a discerning heart.
The Ignatian educational apostolate was meant primarily to produce ‘virtuous persons’ in this sense. Accordingly, such persons collectively could bring about an integral societal transformation. This schema, if used as a lens to look at the educational processes in different Jesuit educational institutions, gives us an inkling into what exactly we, along with our collaborators, are busy with. Are we truly producing ‘virtuous persons’? Are there effective structures, systems, processes and sizable number of convinced, committed and competent individuals to ensure such results in our institutions? To the extent these questions can be answered affirmatively, let us rejoice!
At the same time let us not duck the inconvenient question whether our students are not perhaps sadly stuck at some earlier stages of learning? Isn’t it true that very few of our students progress into later stages? Has it perhaps become impossible for our institutions to produce virtuous persons? What are the internal and external factors at the personal and structural levels that prevent this progress? Does the overall context of the day in the first place really tolerate a structure, a system or an institution that produces ‘virtuous persons’ of the Ignatian vision? Can such persons survive, function and flourish in the wider world once they leave our institutions? If they were to, what is the price that they may have to pay for ‘swimming against the currents’? Does our educational process create in them necessary sources of spiritual stamina that is necessary to live as virtuous persons?
It is from this Ignatian prism as explicated above that our success stories need to be evaluated. We may have pushed this issue to the peripheries. But the Ignatian vision of education needs to be brought to the center of our educational apostolate, as it is the very rationale of all our apostolates.
Fr. Joseph Lobo, SJ(KAR) is the former director of Karnataka Regional Theological Extension Center (Bangalore), former director of Human Resource Development Center (Bangalore). Currently he teaches systematic theology at Jnanadeepa Institute of Philosophy and Theology, Pune.
In his article, Xavier Savarimuthu, SJ, describes both the opportunities and challenges posed by the ever advancing technology.
By Xavier Savarimuthu, SJ
Balancing Tradition and Modernity:
In today’s fast-paced world, society is rapidly embracing technology, standing at the brink of significant change. This transformation, driven by an ever-advancing digital age, brings both opportunities and challenges, particularly within the realm of higher education.
As education tumbles into a vortex of digital facades, AI-driven shortcuts, and fractured values, we must ask: Is this the progress we envisioned? Don’t we need to explore fading virtues and the descent from holistic development to mere certification in the field of higher education?
As an educator and administrator with years of experience in higher education, I’ve come to view the current educational landscape as one marked by turbulence and transition. Engaging with youth is as inspiring as it is challenging. The rewards of nurturing young minds are immense, but they come with trials that continually demand adaptive strategies, empathy and compassion.
For centuries, the Jesuit tradition has been synonymous with quality education, rooted in values and ethics. As a part of this legacy, we focus on Cura Personalis, or ‘caring for the whole person.’ The goal of Jesuit education has always been holistic development, aimed at nurturing minds and encouraging students to contribute positively to society. This core philosophy becomes particularly critical in a technology-driven era, where students are as susceptible to confusion as they are to curiosity.
COVID 19: A watershed moment
The COVID-19 pandemic was a transformative period for education, ushering in what could be considered a watershed moment. With lockdowns in place, the world struggled to adapt to living confined to a room or your home. Education, however, rose to the occasion, pivoting to online platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet. This swift digital adaptation allowed students to continue learning despite the constraints of isolation. Yet, the transition wasn’t without issues. Educators transformed their homes into virtual classrooms, working harder than ever to deliver lessons through screens.
On the other end, students faced challenges of their own- being isolated in their rooms, glued to screens for hours on end, often resulting in burnout, mental health issues, and a decline in social skills. Once the immediate threat of the pandemic receded, the impact lingered. Enticing students to return to in-person classes became a formidable task.
Comfortable with the convenience of virtual learning, students now resisted the structure and discipline required in a physical academic environment. The very nature of education had changed, and so had students’ expectations.
Today’s students are tech-savvy and more inclined to find answers with a quick online search or the assistance of AI than to dive into books or seek guidance from teachers.
Artificial Intelligence (AI): The Digital Dilemma of Modern Learning
Technology has certainly opened doors for convenience, accessibility, and innovation in education. But it has also introduced new challenges. Today’s students are tech-savvy and more inclined to find answers with a quick online search or the assistance of AI than to dive into books or seek guidance from teachers. While artificial intelligence (AI) presents exciting possibilities, it also fosters a dependency that stifles curiosity and undermines learning. With AI tools at their disposal, students are more likely to rely on technology for assignments, reducing originality and paving the way for rising issues like plagiarism.
At the same time, educators struggle to keep pace with their digitally savvy students, often feeling outmatched by the rapid advances in technology. Engaging students meaningfully in the class room has become a complex task, as educators balance digital engagement with traditional learning methods, striving to maintain student interest amidst constant digital distractions.
Challenges introduced by NEP 2020
The implementation of India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has also brought significant changes to higher education. While NEP 2020 has commendable goals –like promoting experiential learning, enhancing soft skills, and encouraging skill-based courses – it also brings challenges. The shift to a four-year undergraduate program from the traditional three-year model has dampened enthusiasm among some students. Requirements for internships, research, and skill enhancement courses are valuable but demand commitment and engagement, which is not always easy to cultivate in students accustomed to remote, passive learning environments.
NEP’s call for holistic education pushes students out of their comfort zones and encourages them to confront real-world challenges. However, this transformation also reveals an unexpected downside: a lack of commitment is becoming more noticeable as students struggle to adjust to the demands of rigorous, experiential learning.
Compassion to Competition:
Today, accreditation systems push Higher Education Institutions to focus heavily on grades and performance metrics. This focus, while intended to maintain standards, risks stripping institutions of compassion and the humane aspects that make education meaningful. In many cases, this pressure affects faculty members as well, who feel compelled to publish research frequently in order to to meet Career Advancement Scheme (CAS) requirements. The drive to publish for career progression sometimes comes at the cost of genuine intellectual curiosity and societal relevance. Research, ideally aimed at solving societal issues, too often becomes just another metric in a checklist, diminishing the focus on societal impact and innovation.
The Conundrum of Indian Knowledge Systems:
In recent years, we have seen an increased focus on “Indian Knowledge Systems,” which aims to incorporate traditional practices like Sanskrit, Vedic Mathematics, and even astrology into the curriculum. While there is value in cultural and historical awareness, the imposition of such subjects as a compulsory part of education can feel restrictive. The risk is polarizing an already diverse educational community. Education, at its best, should foster inclusivity, critical thinking, and unity. When implemented with needless rigidity, this emphasis of Indian Knowledge Systems can alienate students and distract from the broader goals of universal education.
Guiding Tomorrow’s Minds: The Road Ahead
The journey of education, especially in a technology-driven world, is one that requires continuous adaptation. As we look to the future, it’s essential to balance the positive and negative aspects of this transformation. Holistic education, grounded in ethics and values, remains a vital goal. This means creating an environment where students are encouraged to step out of their comfort zones, develop critical thinking skills, and engage in a learning process that goes beyond mere academics.
Reclaiming Education’s True Purpose
We must also remember that education is not only about imparting knowledge but about shaping future leaders, thinkers, and change-makers. In the Jesuit tradition, we strive for “Magis” or “the more” and do everything for the “Greater Glory of God.” Our aim is not just to educate but to transform, to instill a sense of purpose and commitment in each student that goes beyond personal gain.
When implemented with needless rigidity, this emphasis of Indian Knowledge Systems can alienate students and distract from the broader goals of universal education.
As educators, administrators, and mentors, we have a responsibility to offer students a learning experience that is as enriching as it is challenging. We strive to keep the human touch alive, recognizing the classroom as a sacred space where students can grow, explore, and evolve. Despite the allure of technology, the role of personal interaction, compassion, and ethical guidance remains irreplaceable. In this way, we can ensure that our students not only excel academically but are equipped to “Set the World on Fire,” armed with knowledge, values, and the desire to make a positive impact on society.
Fr. Xavier Savarimuthu, SJ, an environmental scientist, is currently the Principal of St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
“Science and Faith are both compatible and necessary. Christmas is still relevant and to be celebrated with fervor,” says Fio Mascarenhas, SJ.
By Fio Mascarenhas , SJ
Science tells us reliably that our cosmos began to exist from the time of the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. In the words of the Bible, God said, “Let there be light!” (Gen 1:3) and our cosmos began to exist. Human life (homo sapiens) appeared on earth about 4.5 billion years ago, when God said, “Let us make man in our image…” – (Gen 1:26). The scientific findings of modern times were, of course, unknown to the writers of the books of the Old Testament, whose earliest chapters were written down on scrolls only about 1700 BC, during the reign of King Solomon.
Therefore, Dei Verbum, a very important 1965 document of the Second Vatican Council, teaches that the earliest Jewish accounts in Genesis 1 and 2 are not “historical” but are to be labeled as “pre-history.” They are a theological and symbolic account of faith, based on the common understanding of the times.
Therefore today (2024 CE/AD), we must re-think and also teach our “modern” children what the Faith really is. This, of course, also calls for an updating of our Catechism. But already in 1988, Pope St John Paul II had declared, “Science can purify religion from error and superstition; religion can purify science from idolatry and false absolutes. Each can draw the other into a wider world in which both can flourish.” (Letter to the Director of the Vatican Observatory, 1 June 1988).
Whatever we may think about the popular Nativity Gospels of Mathew and Luke, the fact of Jesus being born a human being is not in doubt.
John Paul II had also insisted in his famous Encyclical, ‘Faith and Science’ that Christian faith must be open to genuine findings of modern science: “I must also address a word to scientists, whose research offers an ever greater knowledge of the universe as a whole, and of the incredibly rich array of its component parts, animate and inanimate, with their complex atomic and molecular structures. So far as has science come, especially in this 20th century, that its achievements never cease to amaze us! In expressing my admiration and in offering encouragement to these brave pioneers of scientific research, to whom humanity owes so much of its current development, I would urge them to continue their efforts, without ever abandoning the horizon within which scientific and technological achievements are wedded to the philosophical and ethical values which are the distinctive and indelible mark of the human person.” (n.106)
What then, does this do to the traditional teaching about Adam and Eve, their ‘fall from grace’, etc., etc? John Paul II, in his integrated vision of the human person which he taught during the 129 Wednesday audiences (delivered between 1979 and 1984), and now popularly known as the “Theology of the Body,” indicates that Adam and Eve are not proper names of two individual first parents but symbolic common nouns, etc.
So in a letter to the Director of the Vatican Observatory (1 June 1988), Pope St John Paul II asked theologians to study how “an evolutionary perspective can throw light on theological anthropology.” Sadly, theologians have not responded till today. We continue to wait with hope. Maybe we may have to wait till Vatican III!
Christmas is still very relevant, notwithstanding all the new evidence posed by biological evolution. Let us celebrate the great feast with new fervor and thanksgiving!
But what has all this to do with Christmas? Whatever we may think about the popular Nativity Gospels of Mathew and Luke, the fact of Jesus being born a human being is not in doubt, even if we now have to revise the time of his birth. We now know that he was born about 6 Before Christ! Herod died in 4 BC, and he ordered the soldiers to kill all male babies up to the age of 2, hence the new date 6 BC.
Moreover, whatever be our conclusion about “original sin” (explained by some as ‘original selfishness of our species’) and about Jesus being sent to ‘redeem/ransom’ us, we can confidently conclude that Jesus did come to “bring us abundant life” (John 10:10) through his death and resurrection. This means not only “new life” on earth, but even after our passing from this world; and most importantly, Jesus came to teach us “to love each other” (Jn 13:34) with an altruistic, self-sacrificing love, in the power of God’s Holy Spirit, just as he did by his terrible death and glorious resurrection. So Christmas is still very relevant, and to be celebrated, notwithstanding all the new evidence posed by biological evolution. Science and Faith are not only compatible, they are necessary for us to “broaden the horizons of our minds.” Let us all, then, join in with a loud ‘Amen’ and celebrate the great feast with new fervor and thanksgiving! And may the Jubilee Year of 2025 bring us new blessings of grace, through advances in science and theology!
Fr Fiorello Mascarenhas, SJ (BOM) is a retired bible teacher still available for retreats during his current Sacerdotal Golden Jubilee Year. He can be contacted at frfiomas@gmail.com.
This Christmas issue, with five excellent articles, comes to you on the feast of the first-called apostle, St. Andrew.
My dear friends,
We are happy to release this issue of INI, dated Oct-Dec ’24, on the feast of St. Andrew, the ‘first-called’ apostle.
This issue carries excellent articles written by five Jesuit writers, whose earlier articles in INI and Jivan have been much appreciated.
Fio Mascarenhas asks if the facts revealed to us by biblical and historical research and theology should affect the traditional beliefs that we recall and celebrate in Christmas.
Joseph Lobo reminds us of the original intention of St. Ignatius when he launched the Society’s well-known educational apostolate and asks if the saint’s intention is served by what our educational institutions are actually able to do today.
Xavier Savarimuthu poses a crucial question to all Jesuits in higher education: “As education tumbles into a vortex of digital facades, AI-driven shortcuts, and fractured values, we must ask: Is this the progress we envisioned?” But he also talks about the opportunities offered by the amazing technological progress.
S.M. John Kennedy reminds us of the urgency of the climate problem. He warns us of the dangers that await us if our leaders do not act now to address the serious ecological challenges.
Stanislaus Alla shares with us what is revealed in an interesting book he read recently. Written by a Jailor who worked in the (in)famous Tihar Jail, the book lets us know about what happens to the prisoners, some of whom are innocent. The sufferings of these prisoners remind Stan of John the Baptist and Jesus who too were jailed before being executed.
We will have to celebrate Christmas this year with foreboding anxieties about what will happen to the people of war-weary Ukraine, the innocent Israeli civilians still held hostage by Hamas, and the hapless victims of the retaliatory attacks by Israel in Gaza and Lebanon. With Donald Trump as the President-elect of the U.S. and Vladimir Putin as the unchallenged ruler of Russia and the alarming rise in temperatures and the number of right-wing dictators, we don’t know what will happen to our world. But in celebrating the arrival of the God-Child into our world we are celebrating hope for our world too. A hope-filled Christmas, therefore, and a peace-filled 2025!
In his article, Parthasarathi, SJ offers a list of proposals – based on his own experience – for effective and sustainable youth ministry.
By Parthasarathi, SJ
Until I completed my study of philosophy, I had never thought of youth or youth ministry seriously. After I completed two years of philosophy, I was thrown into the world of youth and soon I found it was a world of creative tension.
When I started my journey with the youth in 2013, I realized that fostering hope in the younger generation is crucially important. As an advisor of Tamil Nadu AICUF (All India Catholic University Federation), I planned the programs and asked the youth leaders to execute them as I expected. This went on for about six months, and then I pondered on my experience.
I was surprised to realize that instead of serving the youth, I treated them like my employees. They did what I asked them to do. I experienced an inner emptiness. I learnt nothing. Then I requested the state president of T.N. AICUF to plan and lead the team for the next six months, while I just watched and shared my opinions when asked for. They did wonderfully well and I could see that many of the youth blossomed into leaders. Their talents emerged and surprised me. I encouraged them to question and analyze every situation.
I had my own ideas of a moral and ethical life. Then I read about the concept of deconstruction, originally developed by philosopher Jacques Derrida. It involves breaking down ideas, texts, or systems to reveal their underlying assumptions and contradictions. Finally, youth reconstructed the idea of youth in me. Their optimism, resilience, openness, and readiness to face challenges inspired me very much.
By listening to them keenly I learnt a number of lessons needed for my life and mission. I have realized that listening is a prerequisite for youth ministry. Instead of expecting youth to listen to us, we need to listen to them, without any prejudices. By listening to them you create a space where they can build hope and faith in life. We need not preach, teach, or give lectures to empower them. All we need to do is to listen patiently to their aspirations, desires, concerns and sorrows. I have learned that listening is also an important grace that every individual, especially everyone who wants to serve the youth, needs to develop.
Listening is a powerful tool in youth ministry to foster emotional and spiritual growth and maturity in youth.
“Listening is an art that requires attention over talent, spirit over ego, and others over self,” said Dean Jackson. Listening is a powerful tool in youth ministry to foster emotional and spiritual growth and maturity in youth. Only after listening to them you can tell them what they need to hear. Only then you encourage them in a meaningful way to do what they can, and to actualize their hidden potential creatively.
Another thing that helps us realize the value of listening is the sacrament of reconciliation. Just by listening to the penitent actively and without any judgement we can play a role in healing the wounded soul.
A nun shared with me that her younger sister quit the Catholic Church and is now going to a Protestant church because she found no one in the Catholic Church who would listen to her agony. All of us, priests and religious, should realize that just because we are too busy and too self-centered to really listen to those who want to talk to us, we may be losing them for ever.
We should keep asking ourselves if our ears are open to the cry of the poor and the struggles of our youth. Youth are searching. They question, they argue, because that is how they gain knowledge, how they come to understand. They explore, experiment, want to experience, and only then they will practice it. This period in their lives is a time of a journey of discovery of self and the world. Every youth is a powerhouse. They can use this power to create or to destroy.
As youth ministers we are just co-passengers. If we would provide them space and encouragement needed for growth, they would let us enter their lives. Youth animators need to be genuine and generous. We must understand that we can’t reap the fruit of our labour immediately. Working for and with youth is a long-term investment.
Teaching young people to navigate their emotions and develop empathy is crucial for maintaining hope in the face of complex realities.
Based on my experience, let me offer some concrete proposals for sustainable, effective youth ministry:
1. Provide safe spaces for disagreement and questioning: Youth need areas where they may voice their doubts, pose questions, and disagree with conventional wisdom without fear of retaliation or condemnation.
2. Encourage media literacy: In an age of information overload and misinformation, teaching young people to deconstruct media messages is crucial. This skill enables them to navigate the digital landscape critically.
3. Emphasize the power of counter-narrative: Deconstructing and reconstructing narratives can be a powerful tool for fostering hope. Young people can learn to craft counter-narratives that inspire positive action.
4. Facilitate intergenerational dialogue: Bringing together youth and older generations for discussions about social issues and personal experiences can provide valuable perspectives on how ideas and systems have evolved.
5. Engage in practical problem-solving: Applying deconstructed ideas to real-world problems allows young people to see the tangible impact of their critical thinking and to look for solutions to their own personal problems as well as global issues like climate change. Help them cultivate a mindset that embraces possibility and sees challenges as opportunities for growth and positive change.
6. Foster emotional intelligence: Teaching young people to navigate their emotions and develop empathy is crucial for maintaining hope in the face of complex realities.
As the whole Society of Jesus is undergoing the process of Reimagining and Restructuring, we need to reimagine and restructure this important ministry too. Every Jesuit is a potential Youth Influencer. Let us create a hope-filled future for our youth by listening to them and accompanying them.
Fr Parthasarathi, SJ, (CEN) is the province coordinator of youth ministry and State Advisor for T.N. AICUF. He can be contacted at sarathisj@gmail.com.
In his article, Prabath Sanjeeva Fernando, SJ, reminds us we need to choose every day whom we want to fight for – which wolf to feed.
By Prabath Sanjeeva Fernando, SJ
‘A Meditation on the Two Standards’ is one of the most profound meditations in the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. A “standard” refers to a flag, symbolizing a broader spiritual significance. This unique meditation, situated in the second week, the fourth day of the Spiritual Exercises, presents two flags: one representing Christ Jesus, and the other representing Lucifer.
This concept highlights the stark disparity between benevolence and malignancy. This meditation is designed to help individuals discern between the forces of good and evil in their lives, guiding them towards thanksgiving, life-giving, and faith-growing choices that align with their spiritual values and the teachings of Christ. Further, the exercise invites the individual to know intimately, love convincingly, and make deliberate and committed choices in following Jesus, and embracing a life marked by, ‘in everything to love and to serve’.
Two flags, two leaders:
A. Christ – Eternal Leader: – Leadership of Service: Christ, as the leader under the standard of good, calls people to follow Him through a life of humility, love, and service. He emphasizes and advocates servant leadership. -Virtuous Living: Followers of Christ are called to embody values such as justice, freedom, and love; virtues such as faith, hope, and charity. They are encouraged to live selflessly, placing the needs of others before their own, and seeking to build a just and compassionate society.
B.) Satan – Mortal Enemy: – Leadership of Deception: In contrast, Satan, under the standard of evil, uses deception and false promises to lure followers. He promotes vices such as pride, greed, and the pursuit of power and material wealth. – Virtual Temptations: Followers of Satan are tempted to prioritize self-interest and the acquisition of worldly possessions. These temptations lead to actions that harm others and create divisions within society.
Pauline tug-of-war:
St. Paul’s struggle with dualism is a profound exploration of the human condition, emphasizing the tension between sin and righteousness, flesh and spirit, and the old and new selves. His teachings provide a framework for understanding the complexities of spiritual growth and the transformative power of faith in Christ.
A.) Flesh vs. Spirit: – Flesh (Sarx): In Pauline theology, ‘flesh’ often represents human nature in its fallen state, prone to sin and weakness. It signifies a life driven by earthly desires and selfish inclinations.- Spirit (Pneuma): In contrast, ‘spirit’ represents the renewed human nature that is aligned with God’s will. It signifies a life led by the fruits of the Holy Spirit such as peace, joy, and self-control.
Moreover, Romans chapter 7 is a relatable depiction of the human condition and the moral struggle that every believer experiences. Paul’s honesty about his struggles with sin offers comfort and encouragement, reminding believers that they are not alone in their battles and that victory is found in Christ. Further, Paul presents the tug-of-war between good and evil, the subtleness that prevails in choosing benevolence over malignancy.
St. Paul’s struggle with dualism is a profound exploration of the human condition, emphasizing the tension between sin and righteousness, flesh and spirit, and the old and new selves.
The Two Towers:
At this juncture, I wish to draw inspiration from the film adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Two Towers, directed by the celebrated filmmaker Peter Jackson. In the movie, Frodo, a hobbit, embarks on a perilous journey to Mordor to destroy the ring of power created by the dark lord Sauron. The film vividly portrays the diabolic nature of evil, emphasizing the devil’s craftiness and ability to deceive.For Christians, discernment and vigilance are imperative to avoid succumbing to the deceptive devices of the Evil One.
Moreover, a significant moment in the story occurs when Gandalf and King Theoden confront Saruman at the tower of Orthanc. This dialogue exemplifies the message of Ephesians 6:11, which admonishes us to guard ourselves against the devil’s schemes. Scripture consistently exhorts believers to be alert because the forces of evil seek to deceive and ensnare. The deceptive nature of the evil one is quite subtle. Thus, we as Christians must remain ever vigilant and watchful to the tiny whispers of the Eternal King who continues to beckon us to be with Him.
The Combat:
Yet another perspective could be drawn from the native American parable of the Cherokee tribe. The parable offers a profound idea of this spiritual dichotomy.
‘An elder Cherokee teaches his grandson about an internal battle between two wolves. The first represents evil, anger, envy, greed, and ego. The second denotes good, joy, peace, love, and faith. When the grandson inquires which wolf will prevail, the elder responds, “The one you feed the most.” This parable highlights the importance of the choices we make and the values we cultivate within ourselves. It serves as a reminder that our inner conflicts and decisions shape our character and ultimately determine to overcome the evil and forces of darkness by adhering to the peaceful, benevolent, and loving plans of the King.
In the film adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Two Towers, directed by the celebrated filmmaker Peter Jackson, a hobbit embarks on a perilous journey to Mordor to destroy the ring of power created by the dark lord Sauron.
The bi-polar:
Having seen how the two standards emerge as a powerful metaphor, let us now try to make it relevant to our times. Therefore, reimagining the meditation on Two Standards in today’s context can provide valuable insights into modern challenges and decision-making. The clear examen between the values of Christ and the vices of Satan can help individuals navigate complex ethical dilemmas, societal pressures, and personal struggles.
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition. It is exemplified by a wide range of spectrum of mood changes. The benevolence gives birth to connectivity despite the vivid isolation offered by malignancy.
Connectivity and Isolation: – Connectivity: social media and digital platforms have connected people globally, allowing instant communication and community building. – Isolation: At the same time, these technologies can lead to social isolation, decreased face-to-face interactions, and mental health issues.
In today’s rapidly changing world, the lessons we draw from the ‘Two Standards’ remain profoundly relevant. The meditation is not just a historical exercise but an ongoing formative contemplation. The duos challenge us to consider the ethical implications of our actions, strive for justice and compassion, cultivate virtues that contribute to the common good, and prevail in benevolence.
As we face the dualistic nature of our inner and outer worlds, let us re-commit to feeding the ‘good wolf’ in the Spirit. Let us pledge to lead our lives under the banner of Jesus. Let us seize the benevolence of the transformative power of knowing, loving, and following Jesus comprehensively in the Ignatian way.
Prabath Sanjeeva Fernando, SJ (SRI), works at Loyola Campus-Wellawaya, Sri Lanka. He can be contacted at sanjsj@gmail.com.
Errol Fernandes, SJ says that the contemplation to obtain love is, in fact, contemplation to become aware of God’s love.
By Errol Fernandes, SJ
The final meditation in the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola is usually termed ‘The Contemplation to obtain Love.’ It is sometimes translated as ‘The Contemplation to attain love.’ The verbs “obtain” and “attain” are synonyms and mean ‘to get something or achieve something especially after great effort.’
From what Ignatius says in his explanation of this meditation, there is nothing about effort and nothing about achieving. The second prelude makes this abundantly clear. “It will be here to ask for interior knowledge of so great good received, in order that being entirely grateful, I may be able in all to love and serve His Divine Majesty”. It is, therefore, about becoming aware or mindful about what God keeps giving and gives generously. This is why I prefer to call this meditation as ‘The Contemplation to become aware/mindful/conscious of love.’
When you see it this way, it is clear that one makes no effort. Rather one opens one’s eyes, mind and heart to see, feel and experience. The proclamation of Jesus, the parables he told and the miracles he worked all point to one indisputable fact which is that Jesus revealed God as a God of unconditional love.
Accordingly, God does not expect humans to “do” anything to “obtain” or “attain” that love because it is given freely and gratuitously and without reserve. John puts it succinctly in his first letter when he says, “We love BECAUSE he first loved us” (1 Jn 4:19) and a few verses earlier “In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us… (1 Jn 4:10)
The four points made in this meditation have been linked with the four weeks. I see in them a beautiful summary of the four weeks and therefore an apt conclusion to the ‘formal’ retreat.
If in the first week of the Retreat we are invited to meditate on how we have been redeemed i.e. to move from creation to personal salvation, in the first point of the contemplation we are invited to see how God dwells in creation and find his love everywhere and in everything. The awareness of my sin and the fact that I am a sinner, and yet, loved by God humbles me to realise that though all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God (Rom 3:23), like me they are loved by God and so are also redeemed.
Like the elder son in the parable of the Prodigal Father, they wanted a reward for “being good” (Lk 15:29). What was the use of being good and doing good if they would not be commended for it?
In the words of Teilhard de Chardin, “There is nothing that is only profane in all creation for those who know how to look”. It is with a heart filled with gratitude, that I offer back to God what God gives me. The generosity and magnanimity of God so fills my being that I cannot but proclaim my ‘Suscipe’ and say “Take Lord receive…..
In the second week, God enters creation in order to redeem it (Heb 1:1-2; Mt 1:21). God dwells in creation and within us. The second point of the Contemplation invites us to SEE God dwelling in the whole universe, in creatures, in things and in me. By becoming like us in all things, God has graced our humanity and made it sacred. I realise that I am saved not because of my merit or goodness. Rather I am saved because of the goodness of God. This experience moves me to becoming forgiving, loving and accepting BECAUSE God acts this way with me. Like the Psalmist, I too am able to proclaim “Great is your name Lord. Its majesty fills the earth” (Ps 8).
In the third week of the Exercises, we meditate on how God through Jesus “labours” in our world. The parables, sayings and miracles of Jesus are part of his Mission. This Mission statement is explicated by Jesus in his inaugural discourse in the synagogue at Nazareth (Lk 4:18-19). In these verses, Jesus has a one-point agenda. It is to save. No matter who the person is, no matter how far he/she may have gone from God, Jesus will bring them back if they let him (Jn 1:12).
However, not everyone was happy with Jesus’ way of proceeding. They wanted to ‘earn’, ‘merit’ and ‘obtain’ their salvation. Like the elder son in the parable of the Prodigal Father, they wanted a reward for “being good” (Lk 15:29). What was the use of being good and doing good if they would not be commended for it? When Jesus insisted that they did not need to earn God’s favour because it was given freely, when he proclaimed that their goodness flowed out of their being loved unconditionally by God, they could not accept this “good news”. They rebelled against this proclamation and decided that it was blasphemous. The penalty for blasphemy was death (Lev 24:16).
The call of the contemplation then is awareness of the love of God which is itself a gift of God. The awareness leads us to find God in all things and all things in God.
God did not send Jesus to die but to save (Jn 3:16). However, if salvation for the whole of creation could be obtained only by the death of Jesus, God would allow it because his love for the world was so great.
Taking a cue from the life, mission and death of Jesus, the third point of the contemplation invites us to fearlessness. It encourages us to do good with no expectation whatsoever. It summons us to be prepared to face the consequences like Jesus did and to never give up, but to keep on doing good.
In the fourth week, we realise that death is not the end. The 16th century poet John Donne summed it well, when he ended his sonnet on death in these words, “One short sleep past, we wake eternally and death shalt be no more; Death, thou shalt die.”
The resurrection of Jesus draws us to believe in a God who gives life. Thus, in the fourth and final point of the contemplation, we move from the work of God to God himself from whom every good gift comes (James 1:17). In this giver, there is no change. He and his love are constant. In the words of the German mystic, the challenge is to focus not so much on our action but on our being, because if our being is good, then our works would shine forth brightly. The call of the contemplation then is awareness of the love of God which is itself a gift of God. The awareness leads us to find God in all things and all things in God and to say, like Gerard Manley Hopkins, “The world is charged with the grandeur of God.”
Fr. Errol Fernandes, SJ (BOM) serves as the Superior and Chaplain at the Shrine of the Infant Jesus, Nashik Road, Maharashtra. He can be reached at errolsj@gmail.com.
